From: rich...@aol.com (Richshie) Subject: HELP Date: 1997/10/04 Message-ID: <19971004143001.KAA14360@ladder02.news.aol.com>#1/1 X-Deja-AN: 277846011 X-Admin: ne...@aol.com Organization: AOL, http://www.aol.co.uk Newsgroups: alt.os.linux I want to use linux , but where can I get it from , where can I get X-Windows , How do I get my system ready for use with linux , I have read various txt files but all of them were to complicated , any help would be much helpfull thankyou to anyone that helps
From: "Brian" <brian_t...@rocketship.com> Subject: Re: HELP Date: 1997/10/05 Message-ID: <01bcd1b1$c47eeb80$LocalHost@bongo.mdi.ca> X-Deja-AN: 278067150 References: <19971004143001.KAA14360@ladder02.news.aol.com> Organization: English Bay Newsgroups: alt.os.linux Richshie <rich...@aol.com> wrote in article <19971004143...@ladder02.news.aol.com>... > I want to use linux , but where can I get it from , where can I get X-Windows > , How do I get my system ready for use with linux , I have read various txt > files but all of them were to complicated , any help would be much helpfull > thankyou to anyone that helps Hi: As a Linux 'new user' I can empathize with anybody wishing to experiment with Linux before dedicating any resources. If you wish to get try Linux without spending a dime, this is the document for you. You will want to print this document for reference during your first installation of Linux. I recommend starting with a basic Slackware 3.2 installation which is freely available on the Internet. You will require ~35 megabytes of space on your DOS hard drive to download the required files for a basic Linux installation. (Instructions should work equally well with Slackware version 3.3) Also required is an additional ~100 megabytes of 'non-DOS' space to install the Linux operating system and a collection of helpful utilites. I cannot recommend a DOS FAT installation so it is not covered here. The required hardware for a basic installation of Linux: 386SX or better CPU (AMD and IBM/Cyrix variants welcome) 8 megabytes of memory (less may work but more is merrier) 200-500 megabyte IDE hard drive (SCSI support available) 3.5 inch 1.44 megabyte floppy disk drive as A: VGA video card (256 kilobyte minimum memory) 14.4 kbps modem - faster is better (no winmodems please) MS compatible mouse (2 or 3 button is fine) 101/104 key US keyboard Internet Access - mail, news, ftp, http browser 3 - 1.44 megabyte floppy discs - freshly formatted Optional additions: 30 - 1.44 megabyte floppy discs - freshly formatted (required for an 'all floppy' disc installation - not recommended) CD-ROM player IDE (non IDE CD-ROM support is available) +512 megabyte IDE hard drive (see below) Large IDE Hard Drive Note: Many older 386 motherboards are unable to correctly install +512 megabyte hard drives without a tiny driver hidden in the master boot record (MBR). These drivers are incompatible with Linux. Late model 386 motherboards (486 and later have this feature as well) have a BIOS option called LBA which enables +512 megabyte hard drives to be recognized and used by standard BIOS calls. A desperation solution is to take the BIOS defaults and lose some capacity. Were you to have a 540 megabyte Western Digital IDE hard drive (many of these were produced and they are a quality long lived product) and you want to install it on your older 386DX 33Mhz motherboard without the benefit of the LBA BIOS option, you will lose ~8 megabytes of storage but Linux will install without difficulty (other problems notwithstanding). Please note that this is 'a way', not 'the only way' to install a basic Linux system. What you should know and record before you start: Video Card chipset & memory - Serial Mouse com port - Modem com port - Write this information down and keep it handy. Think up a simple name for your computer. This will be your computers 'HOSTNAME'. examples: bob chaos mobius 3-12 characters preferable first character must be a letter Think up a simple name for your 'domain'. This will be the name of your home network, even if your network is only one computer. Do not use your ISP's domain name, make up one of your own. examples: home.com radical.net super.org If you selected 'chaos' as your HOSTNAME and 'radical.net' as your domain, your computer's FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) would be 'chaos.radical.net'. If your login name is 'charlie', then you would be 'cha...@chaos.radical.net' when logged in to your computer. Write your choices down and keep them handy. Let us begin by downloading some basic Linux files. (Slackware 3.2 - Kernel 2.00.29) Create a DOS directory on your computer and call it '\Linux\'. Create 3 subdirectories called '\Install\', '\Docs\' and '\Slakware\'. The '\Slakware\' directory will have a number of subdirectories but they will be created during the FTP download. (Note the spelling of the directory 'Slakware') Late at night, connect to 'ftp.cdrom.com' on the Internet. (Slackware's home site) When connected to ftp.cdrom.com, move to the, '/pub/linux/slackware-3.2/' directory. If ftp.cdrom.com is too slow, try 'sunsite.unc.edu'. (home of many Linux distributions) When connected to sunsite.unc.edu, move to the, '/pub/linux/distributions/slackware/' directory. You will be presented with a number of subdirectories such as 'Bootdsks.144', 'Rootdsks', 'Docs' and 'Slakware'. These are the important directories for our purposes. Notice how they all feature the DOS 8.3 file name convention. Start by downloading some helpful documents. You will find a file called 'INSTALL.TXT' in the main 'Slackware' directory. Download it to your DOS '\Docs\' directory. This is an installation HOW-TO text file. Go to the '/docs/install-guide/' directory and download 'install-guide-2.2.2.txt' to your DOS '\Docs\' directory. Rename it 'guide.txt' for the purpose of telling the two files apart. This is a beginner's manual on Linux, including installation. I recommend the 'txt' version over the others because they are virtually unreadable in the DOS world and may only be useable on an installed 'Unix like' system. The fact that it is a document telling you how to install and run Linux and is only readable in Linux never fails to amuse me. It is a great book so format it and print it out. You will read it cover to cover when you have it in your hands. You now have 'guide.txt' and 'install.txt' on your hard drive. They are both written by Matt Welsh and while there is some overlap, they are an excellent source of information for the new user. 'guide.txt' is a great starter book on Linux while 'install.txt' is about installation and basic configuration. Next download the disc images; they are called 'Bare.i' from '/Bootdsks.144/' and 'Color.gz' from the '/Rootdsks/' directory. Put 'Bare.i' and 'Color.gz' into your DOS '\Install\' directory. If you have an SCSI controller, you should download the help document 'Which.One' from '/Bootdsks.144/' and read it before proceeding. Download the DOS utilities required for creating the image discs in DOS and adjusting your partitions, if required. You will need 'Rawrite.exe' from the '/Install/' directory and 'Fips.exe' and 'Fips.doc' from the '/Install/Fips/' directory. Download them all into your DOS '\Install\' directory. 'Fips.exe' will help you to non-destructively change the size of your DOS partition to make room for Linux - Read 'Fips.doc' - all of it including the warning before using Fips. I have not heard of any problems but I am new to Linux myself. Download the system disc sets for Linux. Change to your DOS directory called '\Slakware\' and the FTP site directory called '/Slakware/' (note the spelling). See the different directories named with letters + numbers. The letters represent the disk series whereas the numbers represent the disk number within the series. Each directory contains all the files that will fit onto one floppy disk. If you want to download the 'A' series (absolute minimum operable Slackware Linux system) onto floppy discs, you would need 9 x 1.44 meg floppy discs. Download the entire 'A' series of disc sets to your DOS '\Slakware\' directory so each disk set gets its own subdirectory. Just highlight the whole 'A1' through 'A9' series of directories and instruct your FTP program to download them all, directory structure included. You also require the 'Ap1' through 'Ap4' series - they contain basic Linux applications. Get them - same deal as the 'A' series, download them, directories and all. Next the 'F1' through 'F3' series. These are FAQs, HOW-TOs and other documents - required. Download the 'Y1' through 'Y2' series. They are an assortment of games you can play on your Linux text terminal - required for mental health. If you want to tool around on the Internet with Linux in text mode, download the 'N1' through 'N6' series - recommended. Here is a list of everything you want: A1 to A9 basic Linux (required) Ap1 to Ap4 Linux utlities (required) F1 to F3 FAQs and documents (required) N1 to N6 networking (recommended) Y1 to Y2 text games (required) I don't recommend downloading any of the 'X' discs until you acquire a taste for what Linux is about; primarily a powerful, robust, text based, 32bit, multitasking, multiuser, network aware, computer operating system. When you have finished downloading (FTPing) all the required disk sets, log off the Internet and jump into DOS mode - No Windows Please. You have almost consumed 30 megabytes of hard drive space and haven't installed so much as a script file as yet. Have 3 fresh (no bad sectors) DOS-formatted 1.44 meg floppies on hand. Mark one 'Boot Image', one 'Root Image' and one 'Linux Boot Disc'. Change to your DOS directory '\Linux\Install\' on your hard drive. Put the freshly formatted floppy disk called 'Boot Image' into the A: drive. Please Note: Everything within double "quotes" is your input or selection, do not type the quotes. Anything to be entered at an obvious prompt (such as ':' or '#' or a DOS 'C:\>') will not be contained within quotes. Everything within <keystroke> is a keystroke or an action initiated by a keystroke. e.g. At the bottom of a screen may appear an <OK>. To hit <OK> and continue will require the <OK> to be highlighted and then activated by hitting the <enter> key. Run 'rawrite.exe' as follows, C:\> rawrite <enter> Rawrite 1.3 ... Enter source file name: bare.i <enter> Enter destination drive: a <enter> Writing image ... Done. Excellent! Remove your new 'Boot Image' disk from the A: drive and place the 'Root Image' disk in it's place. Same deal, type as follows, C:\> rawrite <enter> Rawrite 3.1 ... Enter source file name: colour.gz <enter> Enter destination drive: a <enter> Writing image ... Done. You now have a way to boot an elemental Linux operating system. Decision time: How are you going to make room for Linux? You can use 'Fips.exe' to shrink your present hard drive partition to make room for Linux or you can move everything off an existing partition and delete it making room for Linux. Lets take a hypothetical situation. You have a 200 meg hard drive to play with and you want to install a Linux system along with a working DOS partition. Make the primary DOS partition 100 megs (for DOS 6.x, Win3.11, games and all the Linux files you downloaded). That will leave you with ~100 megabytes of empty space. Just leave it empty, don't create another partition with the DOS version of fdisk. Make certain you have all the files you downloaded handy either on the DOS partition or on floppies. (a 'floppy disc' only installation is not recommended) Place your 'Boot Image' floppy disk into drive A: and reboot! When the computer restarts, you will be presented with a text notice. It will then stop and wait for you to enter any special instructions (there are none), just hit <enter>. LILO (read notice if you wish) boot: <enter> Loading ramdisk........ VFS: Insert root floppy to be loaded into ramdisk and press ENTER (VFS = virtual file system) Remove the 'Boot Image' floppy disk from the A: drive and replace it with the 'Root Image' floppy disk and hit <enter>. RAMDISK: Compressed image found at block 0 More text and then, Welcome to the Slackware installation disk! (version 3.2.0) At the 'Slackware login:' prompt, login as "root". Slackware login: root <enter> and finally, Linux 2.0.29 (Posix) To start the main installation, type 'setup'. THIS IS THE MESSAGE ON THE SCREEN. DO NOT TYPE "SETUP" YET! At the Linux '#' prompt, start 'fdisk'. # fdisk <enter> Using /dev/hda as default device! If you have two hard drives, the first drive is called '/dev/hda' and the second drive is called '/dev/hdb' and so on - the first drive is selected by default so if you want to install to the second drive, you must start 'fdisk' like this, # fdisk /dev/hdb <enter> 'fdisk' presents as follows, Command (m for help) : Actually 'm for help' is 'm for menu'. Here is a synopsis of the commands you require. p displays your current partition table (print to screen) n creates a new partition l "L" lists partition table types (for your reference) d deletes a partition q quit without saving changes (for the faint of heart) w writes the changes you have made and exits t changes the partition type ie: 'DOS 16 -bit >= 32M' id 6 'Linux native' id 83 'Linux swap' id 84 You can hit "l" <enter> (thats an 'el' not an 'eye') to see them but all you will need to know are the (above) three designations. You do not require the other commands but you can see them by hitting "m" <enter> anytime for a complete listing - play at your peril. Let us look at your partition table. Command (m for help): p <enter> You will be presented with a table summarized like, Disk /dev/hda: 20 heads, 20 sectors, 400 cylinders Units = cylinders of 400 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 1 200 100000 6 DOS 16-bit... '/dev/hda1' refers to the existing DOS partition on the first hard drive, '/dev/hda' means first hard drive and '1' means the first partition on the first hard drive - simple right? Now you must make a 'Linux native' partition and a 'Linux swap' partition. We have ~100 megabytes available to play with so lets start with an ~84 megabyte 'Linux native' partition and a ~16 megabyte 'Linux swap' partition. Each block equals 1024 bytes therefore 100000 blocks equals ~100 megabytes. We want 84000 blocks for ~84 megabytes for the native partition and 16000 blocks for ~16 megabytes for the swap partition. The numbers under 'Begin Start End' refer to cylinders and for the purpose of brevity, we will state that in this purely imaginary setup (your mileage will vary), each cylinder = 512 kilobytes of space, ergo 400 cylinders = ~200 megabytes. You will have to do the math for your own hard drive. You are going to create two new partitions, called '/dev/hda2' and '/dev/hda3'. '/dev/hda2' is going to be your 'Linux native' partition and it will have cylinders 201 to 369 which equal 84000 blocks of 1024 bytes each or ~84 megabytes (Warning - your math may be different, be prepared with a piece of paper and a pencil) '/dev/hda3' is going to be your 'Linux swap' partition and it will have cylinders 370 to 400 which equal 15000 blocks of 1024 bytes each or ~16 megabytes. Here is how we do it, proceed as follows, Command (m for help) : n <enter> Command action e extended p primary (1-4) p <enter> Partition number (1-4) : 2 <enter> First cylinder (201 - 400) : 201 <enter> Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (201 - 400) : 369 <enter> As you can see we have many options in the way we make the final entry. We can either just enter "369" which means our last cylinder for this partition will be '369'. If we entered '+88080384' that would have meant the same thing only expressed as cylinder '201' plus '88080384' bytes which would have equaled cylinder '369' as well. The other designations are for Megabytes and Kilobytes respectively. Let us designate the number 2 partition a 'Linux native' partition, Command (m for help) : t <enter> Partition number (1-4) : 2 <enter> Hex code (L to list) : 82 <enter> Now for the 'Linux swap' partition, Command (m for help) : n <enter> Command action e extended p primary (1-4) p <enter> Partition number (1-4) : 3 <enter> First cylinder (370 - 400) : 370 <enter> Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (370 - 400) : 400 <enter> Let us designate the number 3 partition a 'Linux swap' partition, Command (m for help) : t <enter> Partition number (1-4) : 3 <enter> Hex code (L to list) : 83 <enter> Let us look upon our handywork. Command (m for help) : p <enter> Disk /dev/hda: 20 heads, 20 sectors, 400 cylinders Units = cylinders of 400 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 1 200 100000 6 DOS 16-bit ... /dev/hda2 201 201 369 84000 82 Linux native /dev/hda3 370 370 400 15000 83 Linux swap Check over your figures and make sure everything is correct. You can still go back and change things - nothing has been written to the hard drive as yet. If you wish to bail out and think about it, Command (m for help) : q <enter> The 'q' command quits without writing your changes to the partition table of your hard drive. If you are satisfied with your figures, proceed, Command (m for help) : w <enter> The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table (reboot to ensure the partition table has been updated) hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 Syncing disks. We should be back at the '#' prompt now. Remove the 'Root Image' floppy from the A: drive and replace it with the 'Boot Image' floppy. Reboot as follows, # reboot <enter> What follows is a standard Linux shutdown. It may pause for a moment so be patient. When your computer reboots, it will go through the same procedure as your first boot so just follow the same procedures as before. slackware login: root <enter> NOW is time to run 'setup'! If at any time you wish to stop the installation or bail out of 'setup', hit <CTRL-C> to bring you back to the Linux prompt '#'. Most procedures in 'setup' can be started again by simply selecting the appropriate menu item in the 'setup' opening screen. Proceed as follows, # setup <return> Select "ADDSWAP" <enter> SWAP SPACE DETECTED <Yes> MKSWAP WARNING <OK> USE MKSWAP <Yes> ACTIVATE SWAP SPACE <Yes> SWAP SPACE CONFIGURED <OK> CONTINUE WITH INSTALLATION <Yes> Select Linux Installation partition "/dev/hda2" <OK> FORMAT PARTITION /dev/hda2 "Format" <OK> or FORMAT PARTITION /dev/hda2 "Check" <OK> (choose the second option if the hard drive has errors) SELECT INODE DENSITY FOR /dev/hda2 "4096 ..." <OK> Select other Linux partitions for /etc/fstab "add none" <OK> DOS AND OS/2 PARTITION SETUP <YES> CHOOSE PARTITION "/dev/hda1" <OK> SELECT MOUNT POINT "/dos" <OK> CURRENT DOS/HPFS PARTITION STATUS /dev/hda1 /dos msdos ... <OK> CHOOSE PARTITION "q" <OK> CONTINUE <YES> SOURCE MEDIA SELECTION "1 ..." <OK> INSTALLING FROM HARD DISK "/dev/hda1" <OK> SELECT SOURCE DIRECTORY "/linux/slakware/" <OK> (note spelling and forward slash) CONTINUE <Yes> Select with <space bar> as follows; [X] A [X] Ap [X] F [X] N [X] Y <OK> CONTINUE <OK> SELECT PROMPTING MODE "MENU" <OK> SELECTING PACKAGES FROM SERIES A Select with <space bar> as follows; [X] ide [X] lprng [X] loadlin [X] pnp [X] getty [X] aoutlibs [X] minicom [X] cpio [X] keytbls [X] gpm [X] zoneinfo <OK> SELECTING PACKAGES FROM SERIES Ap [X] ispell [X] jove [X] manpgs [X] diff [X] sudo [X] ghostscr [X] jed [X] joe [X] jpeg [X] be [X] workbone [X] mc [X] groff [X] sc [X] texinfo [X] vim [X] ash [X] zsh <OK> SELECTING PACKAGES FROM SERIES F [X] manfaqs [X] mini [X] howto <OK> SELECTING PACKAGES FROM SERIES N [X] dip [X] ppp [X] mailx [X] tcpip [X] bind [X] lynx [X] elm [X] pine [X] sendmail [X] metamail [X] smailcfg [X] cnews [X] tin [X] trn-nntp [X] nn-nntp [X] netpipes <OK> SELECTING PACKAGES FROM SERIES Y [X] bsdgames [X] sastroid [X] koules [X] tetris [X] lizards <OK> INSTALL LINUX KERNEL "Skip" <OK> CONFIGURE YOUR SYSTEM <YES> Put your floppy disk marked 'Linux Boot Disk' into drive A: MAKE BOOTDISK "Format floppy ..." <OK> SPECIFY FLOPPY SIZE "1.44 megabytes" <OK> Formatting /dev/fd0u1440 MAKE BOOTDISK "simple vmlinuz > ..." <OK> BOOT DISK CREATION <YES> CREATING DISK MAKE BOOTDISK "continue" <OK> MODEM CONFIGURATION "cua1 com2: under DOS" <YES> (select your modem com port) MOUSE CONFIGURATION <YES> SELECT MOUSE TYPE "1 Microsoft ..." <OK> (select your mouse type) SELECT SERIAL PORT "ttyS0 com1: under DOS" <YES> (select your mouse com port) CONFIGURE CD-ROM <YES> (assuming you have one) Configuring CD-ROM link (/dev/cdrom) "1 ..." <OK> (select your CD-ROM type) SELECT IDE DEVICE "/dev/hdb Primary IDE slave" <OK> (only applicable to ATAPI IDE devices) SCREEN FONT CONFIGURATION <No> LILO INSTALLATION "Skip" <OK> CONFIGURE NETWORK <Yes> NETWORK CONFIGURATION <OK> (read notice if you wish) ENTER HOSTNAME "chaos" <OK> (enter your own personal choice) ENTER DOMAINNAME "radical.net" <OK> (enter your own personal choice) LOOPBACK ONLY <Yes> NETWORK SETUP COMPLETE <OK> (read notice) GPM CONFIGURATION <OK> (read notice) SENDMAIL CONFIGURATION "SMTP" <OK> TIMEZONE CONFIGURATION "CANADA/PACIFIC" <OK> (enter your own timezone here) SETUP COMPLETE <OK> Slackware Linux Setup (version 3.2.0) "EXIT" <OK> Leave your new 'Linux Boot Disc' floppy in drive A: # reboot <enter> Your computer now reboots... Welcome to Linux 2.0.29. chaos login: root <enter> Linux 2.0.29 You Have Mail. (message of the day - occasionally humorous) chaos:~#_ CONGRADULATIONS - You are running Linux Space used ~58 megabytes Space left ~26 megabytes To Exit Linux - VERY IMPORTANT - remove 'Linux Boot Disk' from drive A: and, # reboot <return> This will gracefully shutdown linux and reboot your computer. Turning off your computer without using 'reboot' or 'shutdown now -r' will damage your file system. This is a very bad thing. I hope this helps the new users out there who are looking for a taste of contemporary Linux. You are now on your own. Good luck and have fun. Recommended books: 'Running Linux' 'Linux in a Nutshell' 'Linux Bible' or 'Dr. Linux' (same book - different names) 'Linux The Complete Reference' (same book as above but latest edition) Recommended distributions for New Users: 'Slackware 3.2' great 'Slackware 3.3' 'RedHat 4.2' 'Debian 1.31'